Serbia has completed a foundational technical assessment exploring how nuclear energy could support its peacetime electricity mix. The study, carried out with French experts and aligned with International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) guidelines, outlines a three-phase process. The initial phase, expected to last between five and seven years, focuses on planning implementation steps, conducting further analysis, and establishing a dedicated nuclear energy governing body.
With lignite-fired power plants currently providing nearly 5,000 MW but facing a mandated phase-out by 2050, Serbia aims to replace this capacity through a mix of hydropower, solar, wind, and nuclear generation. Experts estimate that at least two years will be needed to assess site-specific requirements for nuclear facilities. Though nuclear development involves significant upfront infrastructure costs, it offers long-term benefits in terms of lower operating expenses and reduced emissions.
Serbia is considering two types of nuclear technology: conventional large-scale reactors and small modular reactors (SMRs). Large reactors benefit from economies of scale and established performance records, while SMRs offer advantages like lower initial investment, scalability, and greater flexibility in location—though many SMR designs are still in development.
Integration of nuclear power into Serbia’s energy system is envisioned over a 15–20 year timeline. During this period, the country will invest in workforce training and allocate up to 30 million euros for preparatory studies and institutional development.
France’s EDF led the initial technical study and signed a cooperation agreement with Serbia, leveraging France’s extensive nuclear experience—where nuclear energy accounts for about 70 percent of electricity generation. Despite recent slowdowns in new builds, France remains a key partner. Serbia is also in talks with South Korea, whose successful delivery of nuclear plants in the UAE has demonstrated an efficient alternative model. Agreements with Korean suppliers are expected within two months. Meanwhile, potential collaboration with Russia and China remains open for consideration.
Globally, around 430 nuclear reactors are in operation, with new investments projected to double by the end of the decade. The European Union alone plans to invest 240 billion euros in nuclear energy through 2050.
For Serbia, developing nuclear power is viewed as essential to securing a stable and sustainable baseload energy source. While renewable technologies are central to decarbonization goals, their dependence on weather conditions limits reliability. In contrast, nuclear energy—with projected operational lifespans of 80 to 90 years—offers long-term energy security and complements Serbia’s transition to a cleaner, more resilient energy system.
